Resale Price Maintenance is considered anti-competitive ” by object” by some competition authorities and ” by effect” by some competition authorities. The Turkish Competition Authority(“TCA”) established case- law considers it to be a restriction of competition “by object”. As a matter of fact, recent in the TCA’s decision “DYO Boya” dated 15.04.2021, it was scrutinized detailly that whether resale price maintenance is a restriction of competition “by object” or ” by effect”.  In this decision, TCA reiterated that resale Price Maintenance is a restriction of competition “by object”. 
Finally, restriction of competition “by object” is a lower standard of proof than other.